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Ivan the Terrible in Russian folklore
The image created of Ivan IV of Russia throughout Russian folklore is a direct contrast to that which is typically painted of him and his rule by historians. As folklorist Jack V. Haney claims, the tales “about Ivan IV, known as the Terrible, are especially interesting in that they portray the first Orthodox Tsar of All Russia in quite a different light than historians do”.〔Haney, Jack V. "An Introduction to the Russian Folktale." ''The Complete Russian Folktale.'' Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1999. p. 9.〕
By studying a variety of folktales about Ivan the Terrible, we can see that, in general, the overall image of this tsar is a positive one. Maureen Perrie states that “insofar as he is the friend of the common people, and the enemy of the boyars, he (Ivan IV) is seen as a ‘good tsar’”.〔Perrie, Maureen. ''The Image of Ivan the Terrible in Russian Folklore.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. p. 65〕 By creating the tsar to be either a friend of the commoners or an enemy to the boyar, a positive image of Ivan IV is represented through the particular folktale.
==Friend of the people==
Primarily, throughout folktales, the tsar is typically described as an “ally and protector of the ordinary people against their common enemies, and especially the boyars”.〔Perrie, Maureen. ''The Image of Ivan the Terrible in Russian Folklore.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. p. 47〕 One example of a folktale in which the tsar befriends the commoner can be found in Samuel Collins’ recording.〔Perrie, Maureen. "Folklore as Evidence of Peasant Mentalite: Social Attitudes and Values in Russian Popular Culture." ''The Russian Review''. Vol. 48. 1989. p. 133.〕 In this story, a friendship develops between a disguised Ivan and a thief. Eventually the thief asks the tsar if he wants to go robbing with him and the tsar agrees. After they had robbed from a few shops in the marketplace, the tsar wanted to test his new friend’s loyalty and suggests that they rob the treasury.〔Perrie, Maureen. "Folklore as Evidence of Peasant Mentalite: Social Attitudes and Values in Russian Popular Culture." ''The Russian Review.'' Vol. 48. 1989. p. 133.〕 At this suggestion, the thief slaps the tsar saying that ‘I’ve been thieving for ages, but I’ve never dreamt of robbing the tsar!”.〔Perrie, Maureen. "Folklore as Evidence of Peasant Mentalite: Social Attitudes and Values in Russian Popular Culture." ''The Russian Review''. Vol. 48. 1989. p. 133.〕 The story continues that the thief suggests that instead of robbing the tsar, the two should rob the boyars because “they get their money for nothing”.〔Perrie, Maureen. "Folklore as Evidence of Peasant Mentalite: Social Attitudes and Values in Russian Popular Culture." ''The Russian Review''. Vol. 48. 1989. p. 133.〕 For his faithfulness and respect for the tsar, Ivan rewards the young man by asking him to become his counselor.〔Perrie, Maureen. "Folklore as Evidence of Peasant Mentalite: Social Attitudes and Values in Russian Popular Culture." ''The Russian Review''. Vol. 48. 1989. p. 133.〕
This tale exemplifies a story in which the tsar befriends a common peasant. Collins’ tale also provides us evidence that the folklore regarding Ivan the Terrible often shows him heroically allying with those of the lower classes against the sly and devious middle and upper class citizens.〔Perrie, Maureen. ''The Image of Ivan the Terrible in Russian Folklore.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. p. 47〕 By agreeing to help the thief rob the boyar, the tsar is ultimately legitimizing the thief’s actions.〔Perrie, Maureen. "Folklore as Evidence of Peasant Mentalite: Social Attitudes and Values in Russian Popular Culture." ''The Russian Review''. Vol. 48. 1989. p. 133.〕 Continually, Maureen Perrie justifies the formation of the friendship between the tsar and the thief because “the tsar endorses the values and attitudes of the representative of the people, and demonstrates that he has more in common with them than with the boyars”.〔Perrie, Maureen. ''The Image of Ivan the Terrible in Russian Folklore''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. p. 35.〕 Consequently, the image depicted of Ivan is not one in which he is a “meaningless, bloodletting” ruler, but rather he is kind and compassionate towards his lower subjects.〔Perrie, Maureen. ''The Image of Ivan the Terrible in Russian Folklore''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. p. 7〕
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